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Proceedings of the Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2004
The Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium had been successfully implemented in the Okinawa Convention Center, Okinawa, Japan, from June28 to July 2, 2004. The Japanese Coral Reef Society in collaboration with the International Society for Reef Studies organized it. With 1420 participants from 87 countries and areas, this was the largest International Coral Reef Symposium to date.

The scientific program included 5 keynote lectures, 58 mini-symposia, 770 oral and 611 poster presentations, and 12 satellite meetings. There were scientific excursion, accompanying person''s program and filed trips organized, and also 35 years'' memories of ICRS presented by P. M. Glynn and M. Pichon.

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ICRS10
Kan, H. and T. Kawana, 2006

‘Catch-up’ of a high-latitude barrier reef by back-reef growth during post-glacial sea-level rise, Southern Ryukyus, Japan

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 494-503 pp

Author

Kan, H. and T. Kawana

Year

2006

Title

‘Catch-up’ of a high-latitude barrier reef by back-reef growth during post-glacial sea-level rise, Southern Ryukyus, Japan

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 494-503 pp

Keywords

Post-glacial reef growth, sea level change, barrier reef, high-latitude active margin, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Sekisei reef is a rare example of a barrier reef that is developed on tectonically active margin between the islands of Ishigaki and Iriomote in the southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Cores from three drill holes and five seismic profiles provide data for discussion of post-glacial barrier reef formation. The Holocene sequence of Sekisei Reef is less than 20 m thick and established on an extensive antecedent platform around -20 m which is considered to be a major factor controlling the formation of the barrier reef. Age data indicate that the Holocene reef started to grow around 8,500 cal. yr BP with simultaneous growth on both the rim and in the lagoon. The lagoonal patch reef, composed of branching acroporid corals and calcareous algae, grew rapidly at an average rate of 9.2 m/ka, reaching sea level at 6,500 cal. yr BP. In contrast, the barrier reef rim, composed of tabular acroporids, apparently grew to sea level at around 4,000 cal. yr BP, giving a lag of 2,500 years. Vigorous growth of back reef zones in the early stages of high-latitude barrier-reef development contrasts with the accretion style of those in low latitudes where the reef rim is first to grow to sea level.

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ICRS10
Spurgeon, J. and T. Roxburgh, 2006

A Blueprint for Maximising Sustainable Coastal Benefits: The American Samoa Case Study

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1218-1226 pp

Author

Spurgeon, J. and T. Roxburgh

Year

2006

Title

A Blueprint for Maximising Sustainable Coastal Benefits: The American Samoa Case Study

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1218-1226 pp

Keywords

Coral reefs, mangroves, economic valuation, contingent valuation, economic model, GIS, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

This paper proposes the need for new integrated guidance for a “value-based” approach to facilitate more sustainable management of global coral reefs and other coastal resources. Values in this context include not only economic welfare values, but also a range of other indicators of value. The paper suggests a series of supporting principles, frameworks and methodologies upon which the guidance should be based. Their application is then discussed with reference to a case study in American Samoa for which the economic value derived by residents and visitors to the islands are estimated to be a minimum US$ 5 million/year (or US$ 161 million in total or US$ 0.7/m2) for coral reefs and US$ 0.7 million/year (or US$ 24 million in total or US$ 50/m2) for mangroves respectively. With the inclusion of non-use values potentially held by the US general public, the total value of these habitats could be more than double these figures. Innovative aspects of the study include a spatial GIS-based approach highlighting the extent to which values vary spatially, a contingent valuation study that assesses non-use values, and consideration of both present and future potential values under alternative management scenarios. The paper concludes by highlighting recommendations as to what further steps need to be taken in development of the new guidance.

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ICRS10
Kojis, B. L. and N. J. Quinn, 2006

A census of US Virgin Islands commercial fishers at the start of the 21st century

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1326-1334 pp

Author

Kojis, B. L. and N. J. Quinn

Year

2006

Title

A census of US Virgin Islands commercial fishers at the start of the 21st century

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1326-1334 pp

Keywords

Reef fishery, Caribbean, small scale fishery, socioeconomic survey, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

A census of the commercial fishers of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) was conducted from July 2003 to January 2004 to determine the socioeconomic aspects of the fishers and to describe equipment used in the fishery. USVI fishers had a mean age of 50.5 yrs and on average had fished almost 23 years and planned to continue to fish for the rest of their lives. The fishers do not have much education as over 50% of the fishers had not completed high school. The St. Thomas/St. John District (NVI) fishery was dominated by trap fishers catching mainly reef fish and lobsters. They fished an average 2.6 times per week during an 8 hrs trip. In contrast, St. Croix District (STX) fishers were more likely to target pelagic fish and deep water snappers. NVI fishers have been fishing longer than STX fishers. NVI fishers are slightly younger and slightly better educated than STX fishers. All fishers surveyed were male. More NVI respondents worked as full time fishers. The fishers targeted a variety of fin fish and shellfish with the most common categories being reef fish and coastal pelagic fish. A wide range of fishing gear including traps, lines, nets and scuba were used. About 50 NVI fishers used more than 7,500 fish traps, modified lobster traps, and plastic lobster traps. In STX, traps were not as commonly used. Instead fishers diversified into other gears such as multi-hook vertical setlines, gill and trammel nets, and scuba. Fishing using hand lines or less commonly, rods and reels, was done by most fishers. Fishing was usually performed in the day.

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ICRS10
Nakamura, Y., M. Horinouchi, T. Shibuno, H. Kawasaki and M. Sano, 2006

A comparison of seagrass-fish assemblage structures in open oceanic and coastal bay areas in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 446-452 pp

Author

Nakamura, Y., M. Horinouchi, T. Shibuno, H. Kawasaki and M. Sano

Year

2006

Title

A comparison of seagrass-fish assemblage structures in open oceanic and coastal bay areas in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 446-452 pp

Keywords

seagrass bed, coral reef, fish, coastal-bay, open-oceanic, Ryukyu Islands, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

In the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan, seagrass beds occur in open oceanic and coastal bay areas. To clarify any differences existing in the fish assemblage structures between these seagrass bed types, visual censuses were conducted at four Cymodocea serrulata-dominated sites in October 2003 and May 2004. Two sites in the Sekisei Lagoon were selected to represent exposed oceanic seagrass beds and two sites at Ishigaki Island for coastal bay seagrass beds. The mean numbers of fish species and individuals per transect (40 m2) did not differ significantly among the four sites, the fish assemblage at each comprised seagrass bed residents and coral reef species. A cluster analysis, based on the abundance of each species, showed that the similarity of fish assemblages between the coastal bay and open oceanic areas was relatively high, with 15 dominant species contributing over 80% of the total individual number, indicating that seagrass beds in the Ryukyu Islands are utilized by a limited number of species.

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ICRS10
Beger, M., G. P. Jones and H. P. Possingham, 2006

A method of statistical modelling of coral reef fish distribution: Can it aid conservation planning in data poor regions?

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1445-1446 pp

Author

Beger, M., G. P. Jones and H. P. Possingham

Year

2006

Title

A method of statistical modelling of coral reef fish distribution: Can it aid conservation planning in data poor regions?

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1445-1446 pp

Keywords

coral reef fish diversity, GLM, conservation planning, species distribution, probability of occurrence, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Conservation planning for biodiversity requires spatially continuous species data that encompasses the area of interest. Because of the lack of such data in most coral reef settings, we developed a statistical model to expand site-specific coral reef fish species counts to continuous spatial data. Biotic and abiotic reef characteristics were evaluated in their suitability to serve as predictor variables. These variables were then applied to our species distribution model. We used a Generalised Linear Modelling approach to determine the probability of occurrence of seven focal fish species in an unsurveyed patch or habitat. For six out of seven species we derived suitable models and predicted their presences across the whole study area of Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. The resulting data were entered into the reserve selection software MARXAN, comparing the modelled data with the original species dataset in their ability to identify priority sites for conservation in irreplaceability maps. The species distribution model constituted a powerful tool to expand limited site records to be used in conservation planning in conjunction with abiotic and biotic reef information for a larger planning area. At the same time, sites with high conservation priority identified by species data were also identified by modelled data.

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ICRS10
Shafir, S., J. V. Rijn and B. Rinkevich, 2006

A mid-water coral nursery

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1674-1679 pp

Author

Shafir, S., J. V. Rijn and B. Rinkevich

Year

2006

Title

A mid-water coral nursery

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1674-1679 pp

Keywords

coral, Eilat, mid-water nursery, Red Sea, restoration, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The nursery component in an active reef restoration program is used as a tool that provides coral source material for the rehabilitation of denuded reef areas. Here, we present the first mid-water floating coral nursery, an improved prototype of earlier attached-tosubstrate coral nurseries. A total of 7119 fragments sampled from 11 branching species and 21 intact colonies of Favia favus were maricultured at six meter depth, 14 m above sea bottom in close vicinity to fish farm facilities and 8 km away from the coral nature reserve, at Eilat, Red Sea. Total mortality of fragments during 10 nursery months was very low (less the 10%) while growth rates were high (up to 6 fold in height). The massive coral F. favus showed zero mortality and an average growth rate of 159% during 270 nursery days. We conclude that floating nurseries, installed away from major reef structures, improve coral culturing as compared to attached-to-substrate nurseries by providing better water and nutrient fluxes, promoting the elimination of sediment, improving cleaning by whole nursery movements, and providing optimal PAR to maricultured coral colonies through depth adjustment. In addition, detrimental impacts caused by recreational activities and corallivorous organisms are eliminated.

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ICRS10
Nakada, S., Y. Ishihara and A. Harashima, 2006

A Numerical Simulation of Sea-surface Currents in the Sekisei Lagoon and the Coral Egg and Larvae Transport

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 864-871 pp

Author

Nakada, S., Y. Ishihara and A. Harashima

Year

2006

Title

A Numerical Simulation of Sea-surface Currents in the Sekisei Lagoon and the Coral Egg and Larvae Transport

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 864-871 pp

Keywords

A Numerical Simulation, Coral Larvae, Nesting method, Particle Motion, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The Sekisei Lagoon surrounded by the Yaeyama archipelago is one of the coral reef areas in Japan. However, it has been partly damaged due to several causes. The transport of coral egg and larvae from the less damaged area would contribute to the recruitment and recovery in the damaged area. Predicting the trajectory from such source areas to recruitment areas will help ascertain the protective area and clarify the restoration process of the damaged coral reefs on the basis of the a numerical modeling of flow and dispersion patterns. We focus on flow patterns both of the whole Sekisei Lagoon and the area around Kurosima which is expected as a source area. For this purpose, flow patterns in summer in the Sekisei Lagoon were examined using a multi-level hydrostatic model with a two-stepped nesting approach. The model is driven by the averaged wind stress in summer and the M2 tidal component. The result of our model suggests that an effect of south wind in summer plays most essential role for the transport of coral eggs and larvae in Sekisei Lagoon. It is supposed that our numerical model is useful to estimate the transport course of coral eggs and larvae at the surface due to barotropic flow at least. In particular, tide inside of the coral reef around Kurosima does not dominate, but a drift current by wind rather developed

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ICRS10
Bucher, D. J. and E. Fischer, 2006

A Possible Role for Urea in Mediating Coral Responses to External Ammonium supply.

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 831-836 pp

Author

Bucher, D. J. and E. Fischer

Year

2006

Title

A Possible Role for Urea in Mediating Coral Responses to External Ammonium supply.

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 831-836 pp

Keywords

urea, calcification, ammonium, Acropora, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

In the early 1970s it was observed that some reef-building corals contained surprisingly high levels of urea for aquatic invertebrates. A hypothesis was proposed at the time, whereby hydrolysis of urea might neutralise the protons formed by deposition of CaCO3, thereby enhancing the rate of calcification. However, since that early work the role of urea in coral metabolism has received little attention. We propose that the primary role of urea is to allow the coral-zooxanthellae association to take advantage of episodic peaks in nitrogen availability in an otherwise nutrient-poor environment. Urea would accumulate during times of nitrogen excess to be hydrolysed to release ammonium to the zooxanthellae in times of shortage. An increase in calcification rates could be a beneficial sideeffect of a pulsed nitrogen supply. Preliminary testing of this hypothesis has shown 1. that urea concentrations can be measured in a field laboratory using a colorimetric kit designed for use with human blood plasma 2. that urea concentrations increase significantly in corals exposed to ammonium pulses and return to those of control corals in low-ammonium seawater, 3. that calcification rates in corals exposed to a pulse of ammonium tend to increase relative to controls in low-nutrient seawater. We predict that, under conditions of chronically elevated nitrogen, if urea concentrations in the coral exceed a threshold level, then a decline in growth and health of the coral could follow. The levels of urea in coral tissue may provide another tool by which the nitrogen sufficiency of a coral might be monitored.

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ICRS10
Ninomiya, S., S. Kurahashi, T. Masumoto, T. Iwashita and Y. Nakano, 2006

A study on comprehensive management of coral reef areas －Restoration technologies focusing on a symbiotic relationship between corals and segrasses in moats.－

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1617-1626 pp

Author

Ninomiya, S., S. Kurahashi, T. Masumoto, T. Iwashita and Y. Nakano

Year

2006

Title

A study on comprehensive management of coral reef areas －Restoration technologies focusing on a symbiotic relationship between corals and segrasses in moats.－

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1617-1626 pp

Keywords

seagrass bed, transplantation method, coral reef, symbiotic relationship, coral settlement, Okinawa, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

colonies spreading over reef slopes and lagoons, exist in a variety of marine environments including seagrass beds in moats, sargassum beds formed on dead coral skeletons, or mangrove forests in estuaries. In the coastal waters of Okinawa, coral reefs have been playing crucial roles in providing rich marine biota. However, their area of habitation is now diminishing due to the impact of increasing coastal reclamation and land development. Our study has thereby been directed to explore the technologies needed to restore the marine and coastal environment, in particular the ones applicable to restoring coral reefs and seagrass beds. In an attempt to explore the comprehensive management strategies for coral reefs, this experimental study was conducted on seagrass growing in moats, focusing on the different characteristics of the growth processes and the habitat conditions of each seagrass species as well as the symbiotic relationship between corals and Thalassia hemprichii. The seagrass plants were transplanted using both conventional and newly developed methods, and monitored to examine their effectiveness. Materials capable of facilitating coral settlement, were also utilized for the fixation of seagrass, and examined for their workability.

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10.

ICRS10
Hoffmann, T. C. , 2006

A Survey to Assess the Needs of MPAs in Building Capacity for Effective Management and Coral Reef Conservation

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1703-1712 pp

Author

Hoffmann, T. C.

Year

2006

Title

A Survey to Assess the Needs of MPAs in Building Capacity for Effective Management and Coral Reef Conservation

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1703-1712 pp

Keywords

coral reef management, effective management, marine protected areas, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Twenty-eight coral reef Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in East Africa, East Asia, the South Pacific, and the Wider Caribbean were surveyed to assess reef threats, and management, education, and outreach needs of various stakeholders. Respondents answered over 40 questions in a written survey. Results show that the three biggest challenges sites face are financial support (13 sites), staff shortages (nine sites), and enforcement of regulations (four sites). Our findings also show that the three most critical issues facing the sites, as perceived by the respondents, are over-fishing and destructive fishing (22 sites), followed by tourism impacts (14 sites), and sewage and waste disposal (14 sites). This paper will present detailed results from the survey and offer recommendations that will assist efforts to foster management effectiveness and improve coral reef conservation.

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11.

ICRS10
Green, E., R. Wood, R. P. Stumpf, G. C. Feldman, N. Kuring, B. Franz, A. Holt, C. Ravillious, J. Oliver and J. A. Robinson, 2006

All our eggs in one basket: the present state of coral reef conservation

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1504-1510 pp

Author

Green, E., R. Wood, R. P. Stumpf, G. C. Feldman, N. Kuring, B. Franz, A. Holt, C. Ravillious, J. Oliver and J. A. Robinson

Year

2006

Title

All our eggs in one basket: the present state of coral reef conservation

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1504-1510 pp

Keywords

marine protected areas, biodiversity conservation, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Various targets aiming to protect proportions of marine ecosystems ranging from 10-30% of their total area have been adopted by national governments and conservation professionals. Efforts to assess the baseline provided by existing marine protected areas (MPAs) and to track progress towards achieving these targets both require the measurement of the proportion of marine ecosystems presently occurring within the boundaries of MPAs. The planning of new MPAs and the design of future regional scale MPA networks also require information on the distribution of protected marine ecosystems. Therefore, in the first ecosystem-based analysis of MPAs, maps of coral reefs and tropical shallow-water habitats (SWH) were analysed with spatial data on MPA location and boundaries. Presently 52,800 km2 (19%) of the world’s coral reefs and 404,400 km2 (7%) of tropical SWH is theoretically protected by being incorporated within the boundaries of MPAs. These proportions, while broadly in line with targets being adopted, are deceptively high in terms of biodiversity conservation. Most protected coral reef (72%) and tropical SWH (45%) is within one protected area, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and, until July 2004, worldwide 41% were managed under regimes which can permit destructive activities. The rest occurs in hundreds of small MPAs (median size 5km2) with pronounced regional differences in the proportion protected. We assess the existing collection of coral reef MPAs as a foundation for a global network and discuss the utility of protection targets.

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12.

ICRS10
CJ Walker, R., D. J. Ponce-Taylor, A. Mcvean, H. Waska, J. F. Taylor, J. Comley and P. S. Raines, 2006

An Environmental Management Plan for Snorkel Based Tourism as a Form of Alternative Livelihood – Sian Ka’an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1903-1910 pp

Author

CJ Walker, R., D. J. Ponce-Taylor, A. Mcvean, H. Waska, J. F. Taylor, J. Comley and P. S. Raines

Year

2006

Title

An Environmental Management Plan for Snorkel Based Tourism as a Form of Alternative Livelihood – Sian Ka’an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1903-1910 pp

Keywords

Coral Reefs, Eco-tourism, alternative livelihood, Mexico, baseline survey, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The Sian Ka’an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve supports some of the most biologically unique coastal wetlands and shallow reef environments in the Caribbean. However, the Reserve is being placed under increasing pressure from tourism. Villagers from the coastal fishing community of Punta Allen, the only permanent community within the reserve, are now attempting to reduce fishing pressure within the reserve by developing snorkel tourism as an alternative livelihood and taking advantage of the increased tourism within the Reserve. In response to this development, Coral Cay Conservation (CCC), a UK based not for profit conservation organisation, was invited by La Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas to undertake baseline surveys across 12 patch reefs regularly used by the fishermen to conduct snorkel tours for tourists. These surveys revealed that the reefs were generally biologically rich compared to other reefs in the wider Caribbean region. Based on the survey results, a relative conservation management rating was developed for the 12 patch reefs, with two sites highlighted for their exceptional biological diversity. A local environmental management strategy was established for the community of Punta Allen, with recommendations that the two reefs of exceptional conservation value be excluded from snorkelling and fishing activities, and be managed as community run Marine Protected Areas.

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13.

ICRS10
Manzello, D., J.C. Hendee, D. Ward and Z.H. Starr, 2006

An Evaluation of Environmental Parameters Coincident with the Partial Bleaching Event in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 2003

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 709-717 pp

Author

Manzello, D., J.C. Hendee, D. Ward and Z.H. Starr

Year

2006

Title

An Evaluation of Environmental Parameters Coincident with the Partial Bleaching Event in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 2003

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 709-717 pp

Keywords

Coral Bleaching – Thermal Stress – Solar Radiation – Wind – CDOM, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

A partial bleaching event was reported in September and October 2003 in St. Croix, yet no bleaching alert was produced by the expert system software dubbed the Coral Reef Early Warning System (CREWS). This presents an opportunity for refining the modeling and predictive success of the CREWS software specifically for the St. Croix site by examination of the pertinent environmental parameters (sea temperature, wind speeds, irradiance) associated with the 2003 bleaching event. Elevated sea temperatures were likely the primary catalyst of bleaching and were coincident with dampened wind speeds. The least attenuation (greatest penetration) of UVB occurred during October when bleaching was most severe, but was variable. A nearly parallel trend with wind speed and UVB penetration was found and supports the hypothesis that the attenuation of UVB into the water column is controlled by CDOM concentrations, which are elevated due to wind-driven mixing.

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14.

ICRS10
Vargas-Angel, B., B. Riegl, D. Gilliam and R. Dodge, 2006

An experimental histopathological rating scale of sedimentation stress in the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1168-1173 pp

Author

Vargas-Angel, B., B. Riegl, D. Gilliam and R. Dodge

Year

2006

Title

An experimental histopathological rating scale of sedimentation stress in the Caribbean coral Montastraea cavernosa

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1168-1173 pp

Keywords

Montastraea cavernosa, sedimentation stress, histopathology, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Colonies of Montastraea cavernosa were exposed to daily applications of approx. 200–225 mg cm– 2 sediments, during a four-week period, in order to investigate coral responses to increased sedimentation. Effects were assessed based on the histopathological condition of specimen tissues. Mild stress responses were noted as early as week one, including tissue swelling and polyp retraction, as well as changes in size and appearance of mucous secretory cells. As stress progressed, further inflammation of the mucous secretory cells was observed. Severe effects were observed in weeks 3 and 4, including atrophy of the outer epidermis, increased granularity and debris in gastrodermal cells of the middle and lower polyp region, as well as swelling and granularity of the calicoblastic epithelium. A semiquantitative rating scale was developed to score tissue condition based on the histopathological changes observed in control and treated corals. Although some signs of stress were also present in some control colonies, statistical analyses indicated significant differences in histopathological condition between control and treated corals. Our results confirm previous research that sublethal effects of sedimentation on corals are complex, involving both localized and systemic cell injury. Our results offer insight with regards to the diagnosis of healthy vs. unhealthy condition in reef corals, and provide a framework to survey for cellular reactions to environmental stress in coral reefs.

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15.

ICRS10
Voss, J.D., D.K. Mills, and L.L. Richardson, 2004

An integrative analysis of Environmental factors, coral population and community structure and microbial community composition associated with coral diseases near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas.

Abstract, Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa

Author	Voss, J.D., D.K. Mills, and L.L. Richardson

Year	2004

Title	An integrative analysis of Environmental factors, coral population and community structure and microbial community composition associated with coral diseases near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas.

Source	Abstract, Tenth International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa

Keywords	environmental factor, coral population, community structure, lee stocking island microbial community composition, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

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16.

ICRS10
Borneman E.H and Gerard M. Wellington, 2006

Apoptosis in diseased reef corals

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 142-148 pp

Author

Borneman E.H and Gerard M. Wellington

Year

2006

Title

Apoptosis in diseased reef corals

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 142-148 pp

Keywords

apoptosis, coral disease, shut-down reaction, white band disease, programmed cell death, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The inability to find pathogens in many coral diseases, along with the inconsistencies of many events causing coral mortality that are not immediately amenable to a pathogen hypothesis or to necrosis, underscores the need for alternate explanations of coral disease and death. Cell death occurs by two primary pathways: necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly conserved, noninflammatory, sequentially ordered cell death program that has come under wide study in mammalian and nemertean system in the past decade. While apoptosis has a role in many developmental events, immunological responses, and in normal senescence, it also occurs and results in many acute and chronic pathologic conditions. Apoptosis can be triggered by bacteria, viruses, stress, chemicals, hypoxia, anoxia, trauma, and various other events that set off the apoptotic cascade of events. To date, the occurrence and mechanisms by which apoptosis might occur in corals has not been well investigated. Samples of corals with white band disease and shutdown reaction were assayed for the presence of apoptotic nuclei. Fifteen species of scleractinian corals from the families Acroporidae and Pocilloporidae from both the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean regions showing signs of white band disease or shut down reaction were found to have apoptotic cells present. Induction of tissue sloughing consistent with patterns of coral disease was produced using known inducers, stressors, and uncharacterized chemical signals from apoptotic corals. This is one of the first reports of apoptosis occurring in coral tissue. The implications of apoptosis in coral disease and the conservation of pathways in phylogenetically ancient lineages based on these findings are discussed.

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17.

ICRS10
Eakin, C. M., P.K. Swart, T.M. Quinn, K.P. Helmle, J.M. Smith and R.E. Dodge, 2006

Application of Paleoclimatology to Coral Reef Monitoring and Management

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 38-42 pp

Author

Eakin, C. M., P.K. Swart, T.M. Quinn, K.P. Helmle, J.M. Smith and R.E. Dodge

Year

2006

Title

Application of Paleoclimatology to Coral Reef Monitoring and Management

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 38-42 pp

Keywords

coral paleoclimatology, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, geochemistry, sclerochronology, Coral Reef Watch, Montastraea faveolata, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The skeletons of reef-building corals are valuable archives of climatic and environmental information. Paleoclimatic data chiefly have been generated in areas most sensitive to global or regional climatic variability. However, these records also provide valuable information on anthropogenic influences – guidance of value to resource managers. NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch targets observations of current and past coral reef health in or near marine protected areas through satellites, in situ sensor platforms, and paleoclimatic analyses. Paleoclimatic data provide retrospective monitoring through multi-century environmental reconstructions that improve our understanding of past stress to coral reefs. Two sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary were the first to benefit from Coral Reef Watch Program paleoenvironmental analyses. Coral cores yielded direct measurements of δ18O, δ13C, Sr/Ca, and coral skeletal growth (extension, density, and calcification) and reconstructions of reef temperatures. Temperature reconstructions were compared with instrumental data from nearby stations and global data sets, while skeletal growth was used to infer responses to changing climatic and environmental conditions. Differences between paleoclimatic data and gridded datasets demonstrated that paleodata provide more accurate estimates of reef temperatures as they sample subsurface temperatures where the corals live. Because of relatively high thermal variability, at least 12 samples per year are needed at these sites. Further work will extend these records back in time, to new locations, and expand on the data reconstructed from the skeletal archives.

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18.

ICRS10
Benzoni, F., J. S. Ashworth, A. M. Addamo, F. Stefani, A. Mabrouk and P. Galli, 2006

Artisanal fisheries and No-Take Zones in Nabq, Egypt: effects on molluscs and reef top benthic assemblages.

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1362-1367 pp

Author

Benzoni, F., J. S. Ashworth, A. M. Addamo, F. Stefani, A. Mabrouk and P. Galli

Year

2006

Title

Artisanal fisheries and No-Take Zones in Nabq, Egypt: effects on molluscs and reef top benthic assemblages.

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1362-1367 pp

Keywords

Bedouin, edible molluscs, fisheries, Nabq, no-take zones, Red Sea, Tectus, Tridacna, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

The Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area (MRPA) is located on the southern part of the Gulf of Aqaba coast of South Sinai, Egypt. A network of four no-take zones (NTZs) was established in 1995 within the Nabq MRPA to promote sustainable management of finfish stocks exploited by artisanal Bedouin fishermen. Gathering of Tridacna spp. and of other edible invertebrates on the reef top is also part of the traditional fishery practised by the local Bedouin population, mainly by women. To assess the effects of these NTZs on gleaned molluscs and on the reef top benthic assemblages, a survey of edible molluscs, along with reef top profile and coral community composition, was undertaken within NTZs boundaries, and in four adjacent fished areas. Tridacna spp., Tectus dentatus, Lambis lambis and Strombus spp. population distribution and structure were assessed on reef flat and crest at sites within and outside NTZs, with a survey of Tridacna discarded shells also conducted. No significant differences in benthic assemblages composition were found between take zones (TZs) and NTZs. Broken coral colonies and coral rubble, however, were found on the reef flat in TZs only, possibly as a result of trampling. Differences in Tridacna spp. and Tectus dentatus populations were found on the reef flat between TZs and NTZs. The size-frequency distribution of gleaned Tridacna showed a smaller size range than live giant clams within NTZs, while the formers had a greater modal size than live clams. Although the establishment of NTZs was initially planned for the management of finfish, it has led to differences in mollusc populations between TZs and NTZs. For Tridacna, being sessile bivalves, spillover from NTZs to fished areas, such as may be important with finfish, is negligible or absent.

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19.

ICRS10
Muthiga, N. A., 2006

Assessing the effectiveness of management of marine protected areas in Kenya: Experiences from the Mombasa marine park and reserve

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1231-1242 pp

Author

Muthiga, N. A.

Year

2006

Title

Assessing the effectiveness of management of marine protected areas in Kenya: Experiences from the Mombasa marine park and reserve

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1231-1242 pp

Keywords

Management effectiveness, marine park and reserve, Mombasa, coral reefs, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are reported to be effective means of managing coral reefs; consequently, many developing countries have established MPA programs. However, whether these MPAs are successful measured against their stated objectives has rarely been assessed. An assessment of the management effectiveness of Kenya’s youngest MPA, the Mombasa Marine National park and reserve, was conducted using biophysical, socio-economic and governance indicators including coral reef health, socioeconomic welfare and participation of stakeholders and the level of institutional support for the management of the MPA. Rates of recovery of coral cover and finfish biomass were higher in the marine park (no-take area) than in the marine reserve (restricted fishing zone) indicating that the marine park is making some progress towards meeting the stated objective of biodiversity conservation. The marine reserve however, is not as effective in meeting the objective of sustainable utilization, because both coral cover and finfish biomass have not shown any appreciable increase after protection. The MPA and local communities are highly dependent on tourism and their financial stability was negatively impacted by factors external to the management of the MPA including ethnic violence and international terrorism. In addition the 1998 bleaching event caused high mortality of corals in the MPA; while the park is showing signs of recovery the reserve is not. Finfish biomass did not show marked changes after the bleaching. The MPA is adequately supported with national legislation, financial support and a management plan. However administrative instability within the management authority (the Kenya Wildlife Service) and conflicts of mandate with other national institutions such as Fisheries department has constrained the ability of the MPA to implement management initiatives.

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20.

ICRS10
Verheij, E., M. A. Samoilys and H. W. Kalombo, 2006

Assessing the impact of a community-based network of marine protected areas through long term monitoring of coral reef resources

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1396-1404 pp

Author

Verheij, E., M. A. Samoilys and H. W. Kalombo

Year

2006

Title

Assessing the impact of a community-based network of marine protected areas through long term monitoring of coral reef resources

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1396-1404 pp

Keywords

MPA network, participatory monitoring, communities, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

A long term integrated and participatory conservation programme in northern Tanzania has resulted in the establishment of six collaborative management areas (CMAs), which were zoned for multiple uses and include no-take zones. Monitoring of these areas was initiated bi-annually in 1996 and has continued to the present. Trained community members conduct the monitoring and to ensure quality of the collected data bi-annual calibration exercises are conducted. The following parameters are measured: benthic substrate (live, dead, or bleached coral, macroalgae, soft coral, sponge, seagrass and various abiotic parameters including rubble), sedentary macroinvertebrates (sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers, starfish, giant clams, octopus, crayfish, crown-of-thorns) and fish (generally identified at the family level, covering 13 families). Analyses to date have shown increases in fish densities and live coral cover on the closed reefs since management and enforcement was implemented in 1996. However, the pattern of recovery in coral cover was complicated by the coral-bleaching event in 1998. In addition, coral cover was affected by an outbreak of a coral disease along the east African coast in 2002/2003, which affected 4 genera, including Montipora and Astreopora. The results indicate that recovery in closed reefs from bleaching and the disease was greater, supporting improved resilience. Further, coral cover has increased through the CMAs since destructive fishing practices, primarily dynamite fishing and beach seining, have been greatly curtailed. The results demonstrate the positive impacts of protected areas for managing coral reef resources, and the effectiveness of community participation in long term monitoring.

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21.

ICRS10
Geronimo, R. C., A. J. Uychiaoco, M. T. Lim, R. M. Seymour, J. Y. Bantang and E. D. Gomez, 2006

Assessing the impact of biodiversity changes on reef fisheries using an individual based model

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1457-1462 pp

Author

Geronimo, R. C., A. J. Uychiaoco, M. T. Lim, R. M. Seymour, J. Y. Bantang and E. D. Gomez

Year

2006

Title

Assessing the impact of biodiversity changes on reef fisheries using an individual based model

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1457-1462 pp

Keywords

individual-based model, trophic dynamics, reef fish, biodiversity, fishing, ecosystem function, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Higher biodiversity is usually loosely associated with good quality systems relative to human use. But does biodiversity really have an effect on the quality of ecosystem services, such as coral reef fisheries yield? To address this question, we built an individualbased model of a hypothetical coral reef ecosystem wherein fish and invertebrate diversity is interpreted as individual variability among a set of static traits. The model is composed of 2 interacting layers: a cellular-automata reef bottom and an individual-based simulation of fishes, invertebrates and fishers, which interact with each other. It incorporates foraging, predation, and competition among fish agents; movement, growth, reproduction, and mutation for each fish agent; and fishing for fisher agents. The model was first run through an evolutionary phase wherein initial parameter values were fed into the model and then run for 52,000 time steps, equivalent to 1,000 years, to generate a system of diverse fish and invertebrate agents. In the ecological phase, mutation was turned off and fisher agents were introduced to selectively fish high biomass cells until the system was depleted. Several simulations for the ecological phase were run at different initial levels of diversity and fishing pressure. Results showed that the effect of diversity on cumulative total fish catch was most evident in the runs wherein the starting diversity was reduced to 1% of the original number of unique agents generated through the evolutionary phase. Above this, individual genotypic variability had no significant effect on total fish catch.

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22.

ICRS10
Buaruang, J. and T. Yeemin, 2006

Basic information for sustainable use of a sea urchin, Diadema setosum from coral communities in the Gulf of Thailand

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1204-1210 pp

Author

Buaruang, J. and T. Yeemin

Year

2006

Title

Basic information for sustainable use of a sea urchin, Diadema setosum from coral communities in the Gulf of Thailand

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1204-1210 pp

Keywords

recruitment, settlement, Diadema setosum, size-frequency, aquaculture, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Ecological data of Diadema setosum are very important for coral reef management because the sea urchin often plays major roles in controlling macroalgal populations and organizes structures of shallow subtidal communities.The present study on D. setosum from coral communities at Khang Khao Island, Chonburi Province, and Samet Island, Rayong Province, in the Gulf of Thailand was carried out during July, 2000 to September, 2002. Averages of recruit densities of D. setosum in January, July, October, 2001 and September, 2002 at Khang Khao Island were 2.33 + 0.41 (mean + SE), 2.31 + 0.56, 2.60 + 0.70 and 3.13 + 0.78 individuals/m2, respectively. While those at Samet Island in July, September, 2000 and April, July, 2001 were 0.45 + 0.001, 0.42 + 0.005 and 0.44 + 0.003, 0.49 + 0.004 individuals/m2, respectively. Recruits of D. setosum at Khang Khao Island were observed mainly on three types of substrate, i.e, dead coral, live coral and hard substrate (fragments of rock). Sea urchin recruits found in the field on dead coral were higher than those on hard substrate and live coral, respectively. Means of recruit density of D. setosum on dead coral, live coral and hard substrate in September, 2002 were 4.33 + 0.76 (mean + SE), 1.67 + 0.42 and 3.40 + 1.16 individuals/m2, respectively. The present study not only shows implications for coral reef management but also provides important basic data for commercial cultivation of D. setosum in the future.

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23.

ICRS10
Domeier, M. L., D. D. Maria and N. Nasby-Lucas, 2006

BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE OF GOLIATH GROUPER (EPINEPHELUS ITAJARA) BASED UPON ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1341-1325 pp

Author

Domeier, M. L., D. D. Maria and N. Nasby-Lucas

Year

2006

Title

BEHAVIOR AND HABITAT USE OF GOLIATH GROUPER (EPINEPHELUS ITAJARA) BASED UPON ACOUSTIC TELEMETRY

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 1341-1325 pp

Keywords

acoustic tag, goliath grouper, spawning, behavior, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Two goliath groupers were externally tagged with depth-indicating acoustic tags on a wreck site in the Gulf of Mexico off southwest Florida. Tagging occurred about a month prior to the start of the spawning season (29 May 2001) and data were collected by an acoustic receiver for 73 and 36 days (fish 1 and 2, respectively). Both fish remained in the vicinity of the wreck for the duration they carried the tags. Both fish ascended into the upper water column at sunrise during the full moon period in July, suggesting spawning-related behavior. Observations of fish abundance throughout the spawning season suggest that either this is not an important spawning site or that spawning takes place among small resident groups, rather than in high-density spawning aggregations

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24.

ICRS10
Smith, T.B, 2006

Benthic algal production in an upwelling coral reef environment (Gulf of Panamá): evidence for control by fish herbivores

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 854-861 pp

Author

Smith, T.B

Year

2006

Title

Benthic algal production in an upwelling coral reef environment (Gulf of Panamá): evidence for control by fish herbivores

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 854-861 pp

Keywords

upwelling, epilithic algae, production, seasonality, herbivory, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Tropical upwelling regions appear unsuitable for coral reef development yet the growth of true coral reefs in these areas is well documented. Upwelling causes highly variable water temperature, including temperatures near and below scleractinian coral mortality thresholds. Upwelling also raises vital plant nutrient concentrations, increasing water column productivity and possibly altering competitive relationships between corals and faster growing benthic algae. This study investigated the response of epilithic algal communities to seasonal upwelling on coral reefs in the Gulf of Panamá, Panamanian Pacific. A factorial caging experiment in 2003 investigated the response of coral reef algal communities to the factors season (upwelling/nonupwelling), caging (reduced herbivory/ambient herbivory) and nutrients (nutrient enrichment/ambient nutrient). Over both three month seasonal trials the factors caging and nutrients were nonsignificant, but the caging treatment developed a higher mean ash-free biomass (AFB) in the upwelling season. Overall the season factor was significant (p < 0.0002), indicating that production was greater in the upwelling versus the nonupwelling season (mean AFB of 2.1 mg/cm2 and 1.2 mg/cm2, respectively). The seasonal effect was not apparent on uncaged plates exposed to ambient levels of herbivore grazing indicating that under normal upwelling and nonupwelling conditions herbivores are able to control the increased algal production. Thus, it appears that herbivores play a critical role in controlling biomass increases in coral reef algae exposed to upwelling conditions and may limit the ability of algae to compete with coral even in suboptimal coral reef environments.

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25.

ICRS10
Appana, S. D. and V. C. Vuki, 2006

Bioerosion Patterns and Abundance and Spatial Distribution of Echinometra sp. A (green white tip) ecomorph on Nukubuco Reef, Fiji

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 938-945 pp

Author

Appana, S. D. and V. C. Vuki

Year

2006

Title

Bioerosion Patterns and Abundance and Spatial Distribution of Echinometra sp. A (green white tip) ecomorph on Nukubuco Reef, Fiji

Source

Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, Japan. June 28-July 2, 2004. 938-945 pp

Keywords

Substratum, Eroders, Net carbonate accumulation, Reef balance, Reef growth, Reef destruction, ICRS10

Caption

Abstract

Sea urchins are major substratum eroders of coral reefs. The omnivorous urchins, Echinometra spp. are known as “rock-borers” and are agents of large-scale bioerosion, particularly in the Caribbean, Eastern Pacific and Western Indian Ocean. By burrowing into coral rocks they protect themselves from predators, wave and current action, and from desiccation at low tide. Bioerosion rate estimates are known for only a few specific reefs. This study presents the bioerosion rates of Echinometra sp. A (the green white tip) ecomorph, via calculation of net carbonate accumulation, on Nukubuco reef in Fiji. Within-reef variations in size-frequency and density at several spatial scales [between positions (east versus west), zones (crest versus flat) and sites] were investigated. The scales of variation were greatest between positions and zones. This ecomorph of Echinometra sp. A was more readily found on the calmer flats compared to the high-energy crests and they played a major role in bioerosion because of their dominance. Greater urchin numbers were observed on both zones of the eastern position compared to the western position. Cage experiments reported bioerosion rates (g CaCO3/m2/urchin/d) of 35-37 at the reef crest and 30-43 at the reef flat. These rates are very low compared to reports from Kenya, the Virgin Islands and French Polynesia. On the other hand, this study reports rates similar to reefs from Japan and the Réunion Island reefs. However, the Nukubuco reef balance between reef growth and reef destruction is shifting, with bioerosion becoming the dominant process.

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